¨ Church officials wanted to
establish Roman Catholicism all over
¨ They did this through the
effective use of missionaries.
¨ Church was the center of
every village and town
Daily
Life
¨ Religious ceremonies were
very important in many areas
¨ Almost all people went to
mass (worship on Sundays).
¨ Church performed a lot of
the record keeping in society
Political
Life
¨ Church helped to govern and
were big land owners since people sometimes gave their land to the Church on
their death
¨ High officials advised kings
and lords and lower ones told their people to obey the nobles and government.
¨ Canon laws (laws that were
set up by the Church) were different than other laws.
¨ If a person disobeyed canon
laws they could be excommunicated (thrown out of church and lose their rights).
The
Inquisition
¨ Some people tried to get
others to believe things the church did not want them to and were called
heretics.
¨ Church responded by setting
up a Church court were they could have trials called the Inquisition.
¨ If a person confessed they
would be punished by whipping and prison, if they did not the Church sometimes
tortured and killed people.
¨ Church members supported
church and made it rich by giving tithes (10% of their income).
¨ As they became wealthier
church leaders were less concerned about faith.
¨ If a bishop died the noble
of the area had the right to appoint someone new and sometimes the appointees
paid money or were non-religious friends of the noble.
The
Monks of
¨ Were very devout group of
monks who pushed the idea that the pope should appoint important religious
officials not the nobles.
Pope
Gregory VII (PG7)
¨ While PG7 was in power the
pope was not only a religious official but had a lot of land and property.
¨ PG7 banned marriages for
bishops and priests and kicked out of office those who had bribed themselves
into office.
¨ Despite objections from the
nobles and kings, PG7 claimed the pope was above all the kings and should be
allowed to chose religious officials.
Friars
¨ Friars (preachers) went out
into towns to preach instead of shutting themselves from the world like monks.
¨ Two major orders of friars
were Franciscans (FR) and Dominicans (DO).
¨ FR were cheerful and loved
nature & DO studied languages so they could preach to all people.
¨ Was more time for school
since society was more stable than before.
Cathedral
Schools
¨ Cathedrals (churches run by
bishops) set up schools that helped to educate people about reading &
writing so they could serve church or become lawyers, doctors, and teachers.
Universities
¨ Unions (groups of people
joined together in a common cause) of teachers believed teachers should be
better educated.
¨ The unions started
universities (groups of teachers and students dedicated to learning) that were
headed by a church official called a chancellor.
¨ These universities became
important learning centers.
Thomas
Aquinas
¨ Developed a philosophy that
faith and reasoning were both important and people should try and determine the
answers.
¨ He wrote Summa Theologica
which was later used by the Church.
¨ When the Seljuk Turks took
over Jerusalem (JE) it was harder for Christians from W to visit shrines and churches
there.
¨ Many people and leaders were
upset and this led to the Crusades.
A
Call to War
¨ Turks were threatening to
take over the
¨ The pope agreed to help
thinking this would reunite Christianity.
¨ PUR got the leaders of
¨ PUR said people who went
would get land, not owe debts & taxes, and
would go to heaven if they died.
Peasants’
Crusade
¨ Lords supported 1st
Crusade because they would get land and fame and poor thought this was a way
out of their miserable lives.
¨ Peasants left before the
nobles were ready and they massacred innocent Jews and robbed the countryside
on their way to
¨ The Byzantine Emperor was
upset by this and gave them boats to go to
The
Nobles’ Crusade
¨ Nobles came prepared.
¨ Successfully took over the
JE by defeating Turks.
¨ However, they massacred lots
of people and looted the area.
The
Kingdom Beyond the Sea
¨ Most nobles went back home
but those who stayed to rule the area they had conquered started to adopt some
to the Turkish ways.
¨ Some had trouble adjusting
to the new land and others fought among themselves for control of the areas.
Saladin
and the Crusade of Kings
¨ Saladin was a Muslim leader
of
¨ His troops were well trained
and behaved better once they won than the Europeans had.
¨ After Saladin took over JE,
the Church wanted another crusade that was called the Crusade of Kings (CK).
¨ In the CK, 3 kings tried to
take back JE but one died on the way there and the other two did not get along.
¨ They were able to take some
land but did not get JE.
The
Loss of an Ideal
¨ In another crusade the
armies decided to go to
¨ When the crusaders could not
pay what they had agreed to to the Venetians they agreed to conquer
¨ Instead of going to conquer
¨ This behavior made people
less likely to support future crusades.
¨ Children’s Crusade was also
a failure.
¨ Eventually the Muslims
retook all of the territory the crusaders had taken.
Effects
of the Crusades
¨ Made the split of
Christianity permanent and weakened Byzantines.
¨ Kings were able to take more
control in their countries since many nobles were away fighting.
¨ New trade routes and
opportunities for learning started.